{"id":19292,"date":"2022-10-13T20:01:14","date_gmt":"2022-10-13T20:01:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/?page_id=19292"},"modified":"2022-10-31T07:45:23","modified_gmt":"2022-10-31T07:45:23","slug":"the-first-steps-towards-the-independence-of-peru","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/es\/the-first-steps-towards-the-independence-of-peru\/","title":{"rendered":"Los primeros pasos hacia la independencia del Per\u00fa"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"19292\" class=\"elementor elementor-19292\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f5cba52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default edgtf-elementor-container-no edgtf-section edgtf-parallax-section-holder-touch-disabled edgtf-parallax-section-no\" data-id=\"f5cba52\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7ea4\" data-id=\"a1c7ea4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2947400 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2947400\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.0 - 08-08-2022 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Los primeros pasos hacia la independencia del Per\u00fa<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1579fd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1579fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.0 - 08-08-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">By Zenaida Marav\u00ed<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af7e56d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"af7e56d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.0 - 08-08-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-border-style:none;--divider-border-width:1px;--divider-color:#2c2c2c;--divider-icon-size:20px;--divider-element-spacing:10px;--divider-pattern-height:24px;--divider-pattern-size:20px;--divider-pattern-url:none;--divider-pattern-repeat:repeat-x}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{font-size:15px;line-height:1;max-width:95%}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__element{margin:0 var(--divider-element-spacing);-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-icon{font-size:var(--divider-icon-size)}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider-separator{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:0;direction:ltr}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:before{display:block;content:\"\";border-bottom:0;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:first-of-type{-webkit-box-flex:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-negative:100;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider-separator:before{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider__element{margin-left:0}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:last-of-type{-webkit-box-flex:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-negative:100;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider-separator:after{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider__element{margin-right:0}.elementor-widget-divider:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text):not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon) .elementor-divider-separator{border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern{--divider-border-style:none}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern.elementor-widget-divider--view-line .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not([class*=elementor-widget-divider--view]) .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;min-height:var(--divider-pattern-height);-webkit-mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);background-color:var(--divider-color);-webkit-mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url);mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url)}.elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing{--divider-pattern-size:auto}.elementor-widget-divider--bg-round{--divider-pattern-repeat:round}.rtl .elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{direction:rtl}.e-container>.elementor-widget-divider{width:var(--container-widget-width,100%);-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e45298a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default edgtf-elementor-container-no edgtf-section edgtf-parallax-section-holder-touch-disabled edgtf-parallax-section-no\" data-id=\"e45298a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2ec0b7\" data-id=\"c2ec0b7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88703d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88703d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.0 - 08-08-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"601\" height=\"416\" src=\"https:\/\/pathere.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Tupac-Amaru-II.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pathere.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Tupac-Amaru-II.jpg 601w, https:\/\/pathere.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Tupac-Amaru-II-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-217fb2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default edgtf-elementor-container-no edgtf-section edgtf-parallax-section-holder-touch-disabled edgtf-parallax-section-no\" data-id=\"217fb2b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffd2b08\" data-id=\"ffd2b08\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d2b102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-qi_addons_for_elementor_dropcaps\" data-id=\"9d2b102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"qi_addons_for_elementor_dropcaps.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m  qodef-qi-dropcaps\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"qodef-m-letter\">\n\t\t\tA\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<p class=\"qodef-m-text\">\n\t\t\ts it would be impossible for us to render in but a few words a detailed account of the Great Rebellion, led by Tupac Amaru II and the participation of his wife and his relatives, we have made use of articles and visual materials published by Peruvian scholars to tell this chapter of our history.\n\nDuring the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, Spain held a vast territorial domain in the Americas. Through its power, Spain was able to consolidate its existence as an empire. Spain\u2019s abuse of such power led to the first and most important social protest during its colonial rule. This movement ended with the execution of Tupac Amaru II, his wife, his children, and his relatives, and a campaign of terror and torture to prevent further uprisings. Nevertheless, the seeds of emancipation had been planted throughout Spanish America.\n\nJos\u00e9 Gabriel Condorcanqui or Tupac Amaru II (Resplendent Serpent in Quechua) was the leader of mestizo origin who led the most important rebellion in the Vice-Royalty of Peru. He was the son of the chief Miguel Condorcanqui Usquiconsa and a descendant of Tupac Amaru I, the last Inca Sapa of the Vilcabamba resistance. Tupac Amaru II was born in Surimana-Canas, Cuzco on March 19, 1738 and he was educated at the Jesuit school of San Francisco de Borja.\n\nLater, he attended art classes at the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos and became fluent in Latin, Quechua, and Spanish. Tupac Amaru II inherited on an interim bases the chiefdoms of Pampamarca, Surimana, and Tungasuca and enough mules to devote himself to the transportation of goods throughout the different communities. While engaged in this enterprise, he learned about the mistreatment that the Spaniards were committing against the indigenous people. Thus, he met future adherence to the cause of the Great Rebellion.\t\t<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c0e5fe\" data-id=\"7c0e5fe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b6feb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b6feb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn 1760, Tupac Amaru II married, by the rites of the Roman Catholic Church, Micaela Bastidas Puyacahua, who would play an important role in the independence movement against Spanish oppression. The couple had three sons: Hipolito, Mariano, and Fernando.\n<br><br>\nMicaela Bastidas Puyacahua was born approximately in 1745. She was the daughter of Josefa Puyacahua and Manuel Bastidas, a Spaniard who had probably African roots, which is why she was called Zamba, due to her cinnamon complexion. Micaela was probably illiterate or had a most elementary education, which was common for women of that time. Her mother tongue was Quechua, but she also understood Spanish. Micaela was a woman of courage, great intelligence, and sharp intuition. She had no wealth.\n<br>\nMicaela\u2019s marriage to Tupac Amaru II raised her social position. She is considered one of the most important women in the early heroism of the independence movement of Spanish America, which began as a reformist movement against bad governance, against the mita (forced labor), and against the increase of taxes, which culminated in the Great Rebellion of Tupac Amaru II. Micaela identified with the cause by supporting her husband through advice concerning strategy and organization.\n<br>\n<br>\nTupac Amaru II and his wife, Micaela Bastidas Puyacahua, who was tortured without consideration for her gender and her children, gave their lives with honesty and heroism for the cause of equality and social justice.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b477bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default edgtf-elementor-container-no edgtf-section edgtf-parallax-section-holder-touch-disabled edgtf-parallax-section-no\" data-id=\"2b477bc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad5448\" data-id=\"2ad5448\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-173655c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"173655c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Zenaida Marav\u00ed \u2013 Comit\u00e9 Bicentenario PATHere.org<\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The first steps towards the independence of Per\u00fa By Zenaida Marav\u00ed A s it would be impossible for us to render in but a few words a detailed account of the Great Rebellion, led by Tupac Amaru II and the participation of his wife and his relatives, we have made use of articles and visual&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_joinchat":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19292"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19292"}],"version-history":[{"count":33,"href":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19292\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19472,"href":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19292\/revisions\/19472"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pathere.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19292"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}